专升本英语语法“倒装句”之部分倒装

英语词序基本为主语在谓语动词之前，但通过调整，可产生倒装句。倒装句分为完全倒装和部分倒装。部分倒装涉及特定情况下的主语和谓语位置调整。

否定副词如never、seldom、hardly置于句首时，句子采用部分倒装，谓语动词置于主语之前。例如：

① I shall never forgive him. / Never shall I forgive him. 我永远不会宽恕他。

② He seldom goes out for dinner. / Seldom does he go out for dinner. 他很少出去吃饭。

③ She hardly has time to listen to music. / Hardly does she have time to listen to music. 她几乎没时间听音乐。

④ He little realizes how important this meeting is. / Little does he realize how important this meeting is. 他不甚明白这个会议的重要性。

⑤ We had no sooner reached the airport than the plane took off. / No sooner had we reached the airport than the plane took off. 我们刚到机场，飞机就起飞了。

倒装句还有一些特殊情况，如在not…until句型中，当not until…位于句首，主句也需采用倒装语序。某些含否定词的介词短语置于句首时，也需使用部分倒装。

部分倒装还涉及“only+状语”位于句首的情况，需将谓语部分倒装。例如：

① Only then did he realize that he was wrong. 到那时他才意识到他错了。

② Only in this way are you able to do it well. 你只有用这种方法才能把它做好。

③ Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened. 当他回到家里时，才知道出了什么事。

副词so后接形容词或副词位于句首时，同样采用部分倒装。例如：

① So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天气太冷，我们只好呆在家里。

② So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 光速很快，我们几乎没法想像它的速度。

③ So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape. 袭击来得非常突然，我们来不及逃跑。

在肯定情况同样适用于后者时，使用"So+助动词+主语"的倒装结构。例如：

① You are young and so am I. 你年轻，我也年轻。

② She likes music and so do I. 她喜欢音乐，我也喜欢。

③ If he can do it, so can I. 要是他能做此事，我也能。

需要注意，若前面提出否定情况，要表示后者也属于同样的否定情况，则应使用neither或nor代替so。同时，注意与表示强调或同意的“so+主语+特殊动词”结构的区别。

在由not only…but also引出的句子中，not only后的句子通常采用部分倒装形式。例如：

① Not only is he a teacher, but he is also a poet. 他不仅是一位教师，而且是一位诗人。

② Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. 不仅他讲得更正确，也讲得更不费劲了。

虚拟条件句中，if引导的从句含有had, were, should时，将if省略后，要将这些词移动到主语前，构成倒装句。例如：

① Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him.若你昨天来，你就会见到他了。

② Should you require anything give me a ring. 如果需要什么，可以给我打电话。

③ Were it not for your help, I would still be homeless. 要不是你帮助，我会仍然无家可归。

省略if后的had不一定是助动词，例如：

① Had I money, I would buy it. 假若我有钱，我就会买它。